A meta‐analysis of the effects of electronic performance monitoring on work outcomes

Electronic performance monitoring (EPM), or the use of technological means to observe, record, and analyze information that directly indirectly relates employee job performance, is a now-ubiquitous work practice. We conducted comprehensive meta-analysis effects EPM on workers (K = 94 independent samples, N 23,461). Results provide no evidence improves worker performance. Moreover, findings indicate presence associated with increased stress, regardless characteristics monitoring. Findings also demonstrate organizations monitor more transparently less invasively can expect positive attitudes from workers. Overall, results highlight even as advances in technology make possible variety ways workers, must continue consider psychological component work.